What is Article 331 of Vietnam’s penal code, how has its enforcement evolved since its inception, and what impact has its expanded use under To Lam had on activists and ordinary citizens?
What is Article 331? Article 331 of Vietnam’s 2015 Criminal Code is officially about “abusing democratic freedoms to infringe upon the interests of the State, lawful rights and interests of organizations and/or citizens” 5 . In plain terms, it makes it a crime—punishable by up to seven years in prison—to...
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